Erich M. Von Hornbostel:The music of the Fueguians
NOTES
* In his paper, Fueguian Songs, published in American Anthropologist, 1936 (Vol. 38, pp. 357-367), the late Dr. Erich von Hornbostel writes: "In what follows I must content myself with outlining the main facts and conclusions concerning anthropology, and for a fuller discussion may refer to my contribution to Gusinde's comprehensive work on the Fuegians." - In order to avoid further delay of the publication of this contribution Professor Martin Gusinde has generously put the manuscript in question, probably the penultimate work of Dr von Hornbostel, this prominent scholar, who had such great importance: in the development of musical ethnology, at Ethnos' disposal. We are glad to be able to publish this paper and therefore wish to tender our warmest thanks to Professor Gusinde. The original German text will appear in Gusinde's work, Die Feuerland-Indianer, Vol. III/I, which IS still in preparation. We are also deeply indebted to Mrs. Max Warburg (New York), Dr Fritz Warburg (Stockholm) and Mr. Erich M. Warburg (New York), friends of Dr E. von Hornbostel, and also to his son, Dr Hans von Hornbostel (New York), who at my request were kind enough to cover the costs of the translation. Ernst Emsheimer.
** Transcriptions of Furlong's phonographic records cf. Hornbostel, op. cit., pp 358-59. - Editor.
(1) I am indebted to Dr Marius Schneider for certain completions.
(2) Thus they render sentences in foreign languages with exactly the right accent; they can repeat short melodies that have been sung to them or played on the violin, etc.: Gusinde, Vol. 1, p. 1090; Darwin (a) Narrative, Vol. 3, p. 22'): Borgatello (c), p. 45; Lajarte (cf. Hyades), pp. 214 et seq.; Cunningham, p. 446
(3) Gusinde, Vol. II, p. I475.
(4) Gusinde, Vol. I, p. 946: "Es fehlen mir die Worte, um die vollendete Meisterschaft in der Gebärdenkunst dieser Indianer gebührend zu schildern."
(5) Cf. Hornbostel (b), p. 421.
(6) Concerning exceptions (Yuma etc.).
(7) Hornbostel (d), p. 429 et seq.
(8) Hornbostel (C), p. 711 et seq.
(7) Hornbostel (d), p. 429 et seq.
(8) Hornbostel (C), p. 711 et seq.
(9) The two "tones of a fourth", g and c, are separated from each other by nine 3/8 groups, which in the tempo of no. 14 would correspond to a length of about 7 seconds.
(10) Gusinde, Vol. I, p. 786.
(11) In the musical examples I use bar-lines to divide rhythmic-melodic groups (motives, parts, stanzas) from eachother.
(12) In the musical notation this might be suggested by writing duplets only instead of triplets as in no. 3.
(13) Therefore I omitted time signatures from the notation as misleading.
(14) It has been discussed above () that the triplet has to be considered as consisting of two grouplets.
(15) Agostini.
(16) The Protestant English South American Missionary Society already started its activity amongst the Yamana and founded a mission station in Ushuaia in 1869. In 1888 the Salesians founded a mission station at Isla Dawson which first provided only for Halakwulup, but since 1895 even for Selk'nam (cf. detailed description by Gusinde, Vol. I, p 179 and Gusinde, Vol. II, p 288).
(17) Bridges, pp. 177 et seq.
(18) Gusinde, Vol. II, p. 1475. - Of the play songs noted down by Gusinde the majority has a range of one tone or two tones at a distance of a minor third; but one of them falls through the fifth (?) in the semitonal pentatonic scale and a swing song (!) employs the tones of the major triad.
(19) Gusinde, Vol. II, p. 766.
(20)
Gusinde/i>, Vol. II, p. 939
(21) Howitt, p. 413.
(23) Myers, Vol. IV, p. 240 et seq.; Vol. VI, p. 279 et seq.
(23) Lehmann-Nitsche, p. 928.
(24) Cf. detailed description of the process at Gusinde, Vol. I, p. 845.
(25) Gusinde Vol. I, pp. 933-1003. Unfortunately we do not possess phonographic records of this kind of song.
(26) Detailed in Gusinde, Vol. I, p. 1038.
(27) Gusinde, Vol. I, p. 751.
(28) Gusinde, Vol. I, p. 751.
(29) Gusinde Vol. I, p. 779.
(30) Gusinde Vol. I, p. 781.
(31) Gusinde Vol. I, p. 753.
(32) Gusinde Vol. I, p. 734.
(33) Gusinde, Vol. I, p. 555.
(34) Gusinde, Vol. I pp. 554, 562 et seq.
(34) Gusinde, Vol. II, p. 1124.
(35) Gusinde, Vol. II, p 1135.
(36) Gallardo, p. 162; Sachs, p. 109.
(38) Furlong (b), p. 136.
(39) They are either oars or special ceremonial clubs, cf. Gusinde, Vol. II, pp. 1131-35.
(40) Sachs, p. 73 (after Playfair).
(41) Howitt, p. 620.
(42) Gusinde , Vol. I, pp. 922, 924.
(43) Gusinde, Vol. II p. 1337.
(44) Howitt pp. 389, 392, 618, 620 (Kurnai); pp. 528, 536 (Yuin); p. 579 (Chepara).
(45) Howitt, p. 539 (Murring), p. 585 (Wiradjuri), p. 604 (Dora), p. 620 (Kurnai).
(46) Gusinde, Vol. I, p. 924.
(47) Sachs, p. 32 (after Basedow).
(48) Gusinde, Vol. II, p. 850.
(49) Howitt, pp. 520, 528 (Yuin).
(50) Howitt, p. 422 (sticks: Yuin), p. 556 ("bark clappers": Murring), p. 601 (boomerangs: Dora), p. 618 (twig bunches: Kurnai).
(51) Gusinde, Vol. I, p. 791. The Kurnai rustle with leafy twigs and branches, cf. Howitt, p. 622.
(52) Gusinde, Vol. I, pp. 385, 1141; Segers, p. 71.
(53) Augusta, p. 684.
(54) Bose, p. 25.
(55) Roberts; Herzog (a); Densmore; Herzog (b and c); Hornbostel (e).
(56) Hornbostel (f), p. 60.
(57) Wertheimer, p. 300; Myers, ch. 13.
(58) Portman.
(59) Schmidt, Vol. 2, pp. 102 et seq; cf. even R. H. Lowie, (American Anthropologist Vol. 35, 1933 p. 548).
(60) Schmidt, ibid.; Howitt, p. 596 (Turrbal).
(61) Howitt, pp. 423, 544, 547 (Murring); p. 569 (Port Jackson tribes, after Collins 1796); p. 582 (Chepara).
(62) Howitt, pp. 388, 390, 397, 416 (Kurnai); p. 435 (Jupagalk).
(63) Gusinde, Vol. I, p. 735; Howitt, p. 391.
(64) Howitt, p. 390. With many Indian tribes ventriloquism is part of the education of the medicine man.
(65) Howitt, p p. 418-21.
(66) Myers, Vol . 4 ch. 12.
(67) Davies (a), (b), p. 454; Stumpf, p. 122; Hornbostel (a), p. 21.
(68) Holmes, pp. 188 et seq.
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